Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 


https://archive.org/details/kromskopcolorpho00ives_0 


THE  KROMSKOP. 


Color  Photography 


THE  discovery  of  photography  naturally  set  the 
problem  of  reproducing  the  colors  as  well  as 
the  forms  of  objects,  and  at  first  it  did  not 
seem  a difficult  one,  because  the  colors  seemed  to  be 
in  the  light,  and  why  should  not  light  lend  itself  as  a 
brush  to  paint  color,  as  already  it  had  lent  itself  to 
paint  light  and  shade  ? In  1839,  when  the  first  enthu- 
siasm had  been  awTakened  by  the  discovery  of  photogra- 
phy, Isidore  Niepce,  the  partner  of  Daguerre,  assured  a 
French  nobleman  that  in  a short  time  he  would  be 
able  to  reproduce  his  image  as  he  himself  saw  it  in  a 
mirror  ; but  this  prophecy  was  not  fulfilled,  and  while 
photography  made  great  advances  in  every  other 
direction,  passing  from  wonder  to  wonder,  the  problem 
of  automatically  reproducing  the  colors  of  nature  re- 
mained practically  unsolved  for  half  a century. 

The  efforts  of  the  early  seekers  for  a process  of  color 
photography  are  fairly  comparable  with  the  efforts  of 
the  ancient  alchemists  to  find  a means  of  transmuting 


2 


the  baser  metals  into  gold  ; they  were  sustained  by 
a hope  which  had  no  basis  in  physical  science,  and  no 
real  progress  was  made  until  the  laws  of  physics  were 
appealed  to,  and  invention  stepped  in  to  utilize  facts 
and  discoveries  which  could  have  had  no  bearing  upon 
the  original  methods  of  research. 

As  long  ago  as  in  1861,  an  eminent  English  scien- 
tist, Prof.  James  Clerk- Maxwell,  laid  the  foundation 
of  modern  color  photography,  by  suggesting  an  en- 
tirely new  line  of  experiment,  based  upon  demonstrable 
facts  and  principles.  Prof.  Young,  at  the  beginning 
of  the  century,  had  promulgated  the  theory  that  there 
are  three  fundamental  color  sensations,  red,  green,  and 
blue  or  violet.  Prof.  Helmholtz,  half  a century  later, 
revived  and  ably  supported  this  theory.  Prof.  Clerk- 
Maxwell  carried  the  demonstration  further,  and  then 
said,  in  effect,  why  not  make  three  photographs  to 
represent  the  three  fundamental  colors,  and  then  opti- 
cally blend  them  to  obtain  a photographic  image  show- 
ing the  colors  as  well  as  the  forms  of  objects?  But 
Prof.  Clerk- Maxwell’s  suggestion  wras  forgotten.  A 
similar  suggestion  was  again  made  by  another  English- 
man, Henry  Collin,  and  by  an  Austrian,  Baron  Rau- 
sonnet,  in*  1865,  and  was  again  forgotten.  The  same 
principle  was  finally  patented,  with  many  ingenious 
elaborations,  by  Ducos  du  Hauron,  a Frenchman,  in 
1868,  and  earnest  efforts  were  made  to  reduce  it  to 
practice,  and  thus  to  realize  a practical  solution  of  the 


3 


problem  of  color  photography.  A most  important 
step  had  certainly  been  taken,  but  success  did  not  fol- 
low as  anticipated  ; something  was  lacking  or  wrong, 
and  after  another  twenty  years,  successful  color 
photography  still  seemed  to  be,  to  quote  from  a Ger- 
man writer,  “ as  far  away  as  the  stars  in  the  skies.’ ’ 

The  final  solution  of  the  problem  along  these  lines  is 
claimed  by  Frederic  E.  Ives,  who  by  the  application  of  a 
new  and  definite  principle  of  color  selection,  in  1888,  and 
by  the  subsequent  invention  of  adequate  devices  for  car- 
rying out  the  process  in  a simple  manner,  has  realized  a 
perfectly  successful  and  practical  means  for  reproducing 
the  colors  of  nature  in  a photographic  image,  so  per- 
fect that  it  fulfills  the  condition  specified  by  Niepce, 
of  appearing  like  a reflection  of  the  object  itself  in  a 
mirror. 

While  Mr.  Ives  has  accomplished  this  by  his  Krom- 
skdp  system,  the  same  principle  has  been  less  perfectly 
developed  as  a means  of  making  color  prints,  and 
alleged  new  processes  of  this  kind  are  now  quite  fre- 
quently announced , and  named  for  those  who  work  them ; 
but  in  reality  none  of  them  are  new  in  essential  par- 
ticulars, and  all  are  subject  (in  this  country)  to  Mr.  Ives’ 
patent  on  the  negative  process.  Besides  these  printing 
processes,  there  are  the  .so-called  Joly  or  McDonough 
process,  and  Prof.  Wood’s  process,  in  some  respects 
quite  different,  but  which  are  also  dependent  for  suc- 
cess upon  the  principle  of  color  selection  discovered  by 


4 


Mr.  Ives.  The  only  modern  process  of  “ color  photo- 
graphy ’ ’ which  does  not  come  into  this  category,  is 
that  of  Prof.  Tippmann,  which  is  based  upon  a totally 
different  principle,  but  which  is  only  of  scientific 
interest,  because  commercially  impracticable.  Besides 
these  genuine  methods  of  color  photography,  there 
are  processes,  such  as  the  so-called  “ Photochrom , ’ ’ 
which  although  advertised  as  “color  photography,” 
have  no  claim  whatever  to  the  title. 

THE  KROMSKOP  SYSTEM 

HAS  the  important  advantage  over  all  other  meth- 
ods that  it  yields  by  far  the  most  perfect  re- 
sults, and  by  simple  and  reliable  means.  It  is 
the  only  perfect  solution  of  the  problem  of  recording 
and  reproducing  the  colors  of  nature. 

Kromskop  is  phonetic  spelling  for  an  abbreviation 
of  “ photochromoscope,”  meaning  “to  see  photo- 
graphs in  colors.”  It  is  pronounced  chrome-scope. 

The  Kromskop  is  an  instrument  which  accomplishes 
for  light  and  color  what  the  Phonograph  accomplishes 
for  sound  and  the  Kinetoscope  for  motion.  It  does 
not  produce  fixed  colored  photographs,  but  it  is  a veri- 
table realization  of  color  photography  to  the  extent  of 
bringing  before  the  eyes,  by  a simple  and  practical  pro- 
cess, a photographic  image  in  the  natural  colors  which 


5 


is  far  more  perfect  and  realistic  than  any  colored  pic- 
ture on  paper  could  possibly  be,  because  it  is  perfectly 
free  from  surface  texture  and  reflections,  and  is  seen 
without  distracting  surroundings,  and  in  solid  relief, 
exactly  as  the  object  itself  is  seen  by  the  eyes. 

The  Kromskop  system  of  color  photography  is  based 
upon  the  fact  that  all  the  varied  hues  in  nature  are 
physiologically  equivalent  to  mixtures  of  three  simple 
spectrum  colors,  red,  green,  and  blue-violet.  The 
Kromskop  photograph  consists  of  three  stereoscopic 
pairs  of  images,  similar  in  appearance  to  ordinal  un- 
colored lantern  slides,  but  which,  by  differences  in 
their  light  and  shade,  represent  the  distribution  of 
proportions  of  .the  respective  ‘ ‘ primary  ’ ’ colors  in  the 
object  photographed.  The  Krdmskop  photograph  is 
therefore,  although  not  a color  photograph,  a color 
record , just  as  the  cylinder  of  the  phonograph,  although 
not  a cylinder  of  sound,  contains  a record  of 
sounds,  and  the  kinetoscope  ribbon,  although  not 
an  animated  photograph,  contains  a record  of 
motion.  The  phonograph  cylinder  must  be  placed  in 
the  phonograph  before  it  can  be  made  to  reproduce  the 
sounds  recorded  ; the  kinetoscope  ribbon  must  pass 
through  the  kinetoscope  in  order  to  visually  reproduce 
the  moving  scene ; and  the  Kromogram  must  be 
placed  in  the  Kr5msk5p  in  order  to  visually  reproduce 
the  object  photographed,  which  it  does  so  perfectly, 
that  all  suggestion  of  photography  vanishes,  and  the 


6 


object  itself,  be  it  fruit,  flowers,  portrait,  landscape,  or 
work  of  art,  seems  to  stand  before  the  eyes  again,  with 
every  quality  of  color,  texture,  sheen,  translucency, 
atmosphere,  solidity. 

Is  this  color  photography f Many  people,  who  looked  to 
see  this  problem  solved  in  quite  another  way,  object  to 
calling  anything  a color  photograph  which  has  not  been 
colored  in  its  substance,  by  the  direct  action  of  light 
in  the  camera.  Such  a photograph  would  be  described 
with  scientific  accuracy  as  a “ photograph  in  natural 
colors,”  even  though  the  colors  bore  no  resemblance 
to  those  of  the  object  photographed.  There  are  pro- 
cesses which  produce  actual  pigment  colors  by  the  ac- 
tion of  colored  light  in  the  sensitive  film,  but  although 
the  colors  produced  are  natural  in  the  sense  of  being 
produced  by  nature  (the  scientist’s  definition),  they 
are  not  natural  in  the  sense  of  being  like  the  colors 
of  the  object  photographed  (the  popular  definition). 
The  Kromskop  system  reproduces  perfectly  to  the 
eye  the  actual  colors  of  the  objects  photographed,  a 
distinction  which  should  entitle  this  method  above  all 
others  to  be  designated  as  “color  photography,”  and 
it  is  now  so  designated  by  the  highest  authorities  in 
photographic  science. 

“Seeing  is  believing.”  No  amount  of  testimony 
quite  prepares  one  for  the  vivid  realism  which  charac- 
terizes the  Kromskdp  reproductions.  Judgment  should 
be  suspended  until  the  results  have  been  seen  and 


7 


studied.  An  eminent  scientist,  when  he  first  saw  the 
results,  said,  “ I knew  that  Mr.  Ives  was  quite  right 
in  his  theories,  but  I never  dreamed  that  their  practical 
application  would  result  in  such  startlingly  realistic  re- 
productions..’ ’ At  every  scientific  soiree  where  the  Krdm- 
skop  has  been  shown  in  England,  it  has  been  the  most 
popular  exhibit.  The  president  of  the  Royal  Society 
tendered  his  special  thanks  and  congratulations  to  Mr. 
Ives  personally.  At  the  Annual  Conversazione  of  the 
Midland  Institute,  where  nine  instruments  were  shown 
three  afternoons  and  evenings,  at  eleven  o’clock  on  the 
third  night  a line  of  people,  extending  through  three 
rooms  were  waiting  their  turn  to  see  the  Kromskop  pic- 
tures. At  a congress  of  German  scientists  at  Dussel- 
dorf , where  every  method  of  so-called  color  photography 
was  exhibited,  the  Kromskop  system  was  the  only  one 
that  received  special  newspaper  notice,  and  the  German 
exhibitors  sent  a long  congratulatory  telegram  to  Mr. 
Ives.  Letters  of  congratulation  have  been  received 
from  eminent  scientists,  and  honorary  medals  awarded 
by  scientific  societies  at  home  and  abroad. 

CONSTRUCTION  AND  OPERATION  OF 
THE  KROMSKOP 

The  Kromskop  consists  of  a mahogany  case  with 
colored  glasses  upon  the  outside  and  transparent  reflec- 
tors inside,  so  arranged  as  to  blend  into  one  the  three 
photographs  which  constitute  the  Kromogram,  or  color 


8 


record , in  such  a manner  as  to  reconstitute  the  scene 
before  the  eyes. 

It  is  used  like  a stereoscope,  with  photographs  on 
glass,  which  are  perfectly  permanent,  and  can  either 
be  selected  from  our  own  extensive  catalogue  of  sub- 
jects, or  made  with  the  Kromskop  Cameras  by  profes- 
sional and  amateur  photographers,  without  special 
knowledge  or  experience. 


Its  construction  will  be  readily  comprehended  by 
studying  the  sectional  plan  on  page  8.  A,  B 
and  C are  red,  blue,  and  green  glasses,  against 
which  the  corresponding  images  of  the  color  record  are 
placed  when  the  instrument  is  in  use.  D and  E are 


9 


transparent  reflectors  of  colored  glass.  F represents 
the  eye  lenses  for  magnifying  the  image.  Beyond  C 
is  a reflector  for  illuminating  the  images  at  C — those 
at  A and  B being  illuminated  by  direct  light  from 
above. 

The  operation  of  the  Kromskop  is  as  follows  : — The 
green  images  are  seen  directly,  in  their  position  at  C, 
through  the  transparent  glasses  D and  E.  The  blue 
images  are  seen  by  reflection  from  the  surface  of  the 
glass  £,  which  makes  them  appear  to  occupy  the  same 
position,  and  in  fact  to  become  part  of  the  images  at  C. 
In  the  same  way  the  red  images  are  seen  by  reflection 
from  the  surface  of  the  glass  D,  and  also  appear  to 
form  part  of  the  images  at  C.  And  finally,  the  eye- 
lenses  at  A not  only  magnify,  but  cause  the  eyes  to 
blend  the  two  images  which  constitute  the  complete 
stereoscopic  pair,  as  in  the  ordinary  stereoscope.  The 
result  is  a single  image,  in  solid  relief,  and  in  the  nat- 
ural colors. 

When  there  is  no  Kromogram  in  the  instrument, 
the  mixture  of  the  three  pure  colors  produces  white. 
Shading  either  of  the  glasses  produces  color,  and  it  is 
the  function  of  the  Kromogram,  by  the  varying  density 
of  its  images,  to  make  such  a mixture  of  the  pure 
colors  as  will  reproduce  all  the  infinite  variety  of  light 
and  shade  and  color  of  the  objects  photographed. 

The  Kromskop  negative  is  usually  made  on  a single 
photographic  plate,  at  one  exposure  in  a special  camera, 


IO 


by  which  the  records  of  color  are  obtained  automati- 
cally and  accurately.  The  positive  record  is  made  by 
contact  printing  from  the  negative,  in  the  usual  way  ; 
the  glass  plate  is  then  cut  in  three  and  mounted  on  the 
special  hinged  frame,  designed  to  bring  the  respective 
pairs  of  images  readily  into  position  in  the  Kromskop. 
The  Kroinogram,  thus  formed,  can  be  changed  with 
great  facility  and  quickly  folded  up  for  putting  away. 


Kromskop  and  Night  Illuminator. 


In  the  daytime,  the  Kromskop  is  used  in  front  of  a 
window,  and  illuminated  by  the  light  of  the  sky.  At 
night,  and  where  light  from  the  sky  is  not  available, 
it  is  necessary  to  use  the  “ Krdmskop  Night  Illumina- 
tor,” by  means  of  which  the  light  of  two  Welsbach  gas 
burners  or  an  acetylene  flame  is  suitably  distributed 
for  this  purpose. 

A very  convenient  electric  light  illuminator  has  also 
been  devised. 


The  Kromskop  can  be  converted,  in  a moment, \ into 
an  ordinary  stereoscope,  for  viewing  specially  mounted 
glass  stereograms.  Moving  objects,  which  cannot  be 
photographed  as  Kromograms,  may,  therefore,  be 
photographed  by  “snap-shot,”  and  viewed  stereoptic- 
ally  in  the  same  instrument,  and  more  perfectly  than 
the  ordinary  paper  stereograms.  It  is  also  possible, 
and  most  interesting  and  instructive,  to  show  the  reg- 
ular Kromograms  both  with  and  without  color. 


Kromskop  and  Daylight  Diffuser. 

THE  USES  OF  THE  KROMSKOP 

[EXTRACT  FROM  a LECTURE  BY  MR.  IVES  AT  THE 
SOCIETY  OF  ARTS,  LONDON.] 

Even  those  who  have  seen  and  recognized  the  beauty 
and  perfection  of  the  Kromskop  reproductions  often 


12 


ask — and  it  is  perfectly  reasonable  that  they  should 
ask — “What  useful  purposes  will  this  invention 
serve?”  This  question  always  reminds  me  of  the 
story  of  Faraday,  who,  when  asked  what  was  the  use 
of  a certain  new  discovery,  retorted  by  asking  “What 
is  the  use  of  a new-born  baby?”  I can,  however, 
suggest  a few  important  applications  for  the  Kromskop, 
artistic,  industrial,  and  educational.  In  the  first 
place,  the  wrorks  of  the  old  masters  can  be  reproduced 
by  the  instrument  with  every  touch  and  tone  of  color 
depicted  as  in  the  original  masterpiece.  The  color 
records,  occupying  little  space,  can  be  stored  in  a 
small  cabinet,  or  readily  sent  from  place  to  place  for 
purposes  of  reference  or  exchange,  affording  to  the 
artist  opportunities  to  study  at  his  leisure,  and  in  the 
quiet  of  his  own  studio,  the  technique  of  the  acknow- 
ledged masters  of  his  profession,  although  the  original 
paintings  may  not  be  accessible  to  him.  Decorative 
work  of  all  kinds  can  be  as  faithfully  reproduced  for 
the  use  and  study  of  designers — tapestried  hangings, 
mural  paintings,  stained  glass  windows,  furniture, 
pottery,  enamels,  etc.  Landscapes  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  and  rare  and  valuable  objects  of  scientific  interest 
can  also  be  included  in  the  cabinet  of  color  records.  It 
will  even  aid  in  medical  diagnosis  by  acquainting  the 
practitioner  with  the  actual  appearance  of  skin  dis- 
eases, and  their  changes  from  day  to  day  under  various 
conditions  which  he  has  not  met  with  in  his  own  prac- 


T3 


tice  ; I shall  not  be  at  all  surprised  if  its  value  to  the 
science  and  practice  of  medicine  shall  prove  to  be  in- 
comparably greater  than  that  of  the  so-called  ‘ ‘ new 
photography  ’ ’ with  the  Rontgen  rays.  It  will  even 
prove  of  considerable  value,  especially  in  that  country 
of  great  distances,  America,  to  many  commercial  trav- 
ellers, enabling  them  readily  to  show  to  their  custo- 
mers the  exact  appearance,  in  color,  of  objects  of 
merchandise  which  are  too  large  or  too  valuable  to  be 
economically  carried  about  as  samples.  It  will  also 
probably  become  an  adjunct  to  every  school  and  college 
in  the  world,  not  only  as  an  illustration  of  applied 
science  and  a graphic  demonstration  of  the  principles 
of  color  vision,  but  because  it  will  afford,  by  means  of 
color  records  of  rare  natural  history  objects  and  pecu- 
liar cabinet  .specimens,  a virtual  extension  of  the 
school’s  collection  which  may  add  enormously  to  its 
educational  value.  Its  application  to  portraiture  is  too 
obvious  to  call  for  comment.  Still  other  useful  appli- 
cations have  already  been  suggested,  and  new  ones 
doubtless  will  be,  as  it  becomes  better  known. 

THE  JUNIOR  KROMSKOP 

Is  a monocular  (non-stereoscopic)  instrument,  with  a 
focussing  eye-piece,  the  Kromogram  consisting  of  three 
images  only. 

Both  the  instrument  and  the  Kromogram  are  cheaper 


*4 


than  the  other  form,  but  give  equally  perfect  repro- 
ductions of  the  colors. 

The  Junior  Krdmskop  will  sometimes  be  preferred, 
— by  artists,  who  are  accustomed  to  see  everything 


mentally  as  a picture  instead  of  a solid  object ; by 
amateur  photographers  who  wish  with  the  least  trouble 
and  expense  to  make  their  own  Kromograms,  and  by 
anybody  to  whom  the  difference  in  cost  is  of  im- 
portance. 


15 


THE  LANTERN  KROMSKOP 

Is  an  attachment  which  can  be  used  on  the  front  of  any 
ordinary  lime  light  or  electric  light  lantern.  The  pic- 
tures are  the  same  as  those  of  the  Stereo,  and  Junior 
Kromskops,  but  specially  mounted  on  a wooden  frame. 
With  the  lime-light,  good  results  are  obtained  up  to 
four  feet  square,  and  with  the  electric  light  up  to  six 


Lantern  Kromskop. 


feet.  This  attachment  is  admirably  adapted  for  scien- 
tific demonstration  of  the  principles  of  color  photo- 
graphy, and  for  exhibitions  of  color  pictures  to  small 
audiences. 

A special  form  of  this  instrument,  called  the  “Science 
Lantern  Kromskop/ ’ shows  a circular  disk,  the  ele- 
ments of  which  may  be  separated  upon  the  screen,  to 
show  the  analysis  of  color,  and  the  process  and  effect 


of  superposing  the  three  images.  This  is  effected  by  the 
movement  of  a lever  acting  upon  the  two  outer  objec- 
tives and  the  mirrors  which  throw  the  light  through 
them;  this  demonstration  is  not  only  interesting  and  in- 
structive, but  really  spectacular,  and  this  form  of  the 
instrument  is  specially  recommended  for  school  and 
college  demonstrations.  It  has  already  been  adopted 
as  a standard  demonstration  apparatus  in  the  physical 
department  of  leading  universities. 

For  general  lantern  exhibition  purposes,  permanent 
color  print  lantern  slides  are  made  from  Kromskop 
process  negatives,  and  such  slides  may  be  used  inter- 
changeably with  ordinary  lantern  slides,  and  projected 
to  any  size.  This  process  yields  results  which 
cannot  be  rivalled  at  any  cost  by  hand  coloring.  The 
commercial  production  of  such  permanent  print 
natural  color  lantern  slides  will  be  made  a part  of  this 
business. 


THE  KROMSKOP  CAMERAS 

The  simplest  device  for  making  negatives  of  Krom- 
skop pictures  is  in  the  form  of  a sliding  color-screen 
and  plate-holder  attachment  for  an  ordinary  camera, 
called  a Kromskop  Multiple  Back.  With  this  attach- 
ment, the  three  images  constituting  the  negative  color 
record  are  made  by  successive  exposures  on  a single 
sensitive  plate,  and  it  is  a reliable  method  of  obtaining 
the  most  perfect  results  when  the  light  is  perfectly 


17 


steady,  as  in  uninterrupted  sunlight.  In  a changeable 
light,  the  correct  ratio  of  exposure  is  not  easily  in- 
sured, and  it  is  not  recommended  to  use  it  under  such 
unsuitable  conditions. 

The  Kromskop  Multiple  Back  employs  rectangular 
plates  2^x8  inches  in  size,  and  makes  pictures  for  the. 


Junior  and  Lantern  Kromskops.  If  attached  perpen- 
dicularly to  a front-focussing  camera,  as  shown  in  the 
illustration,  it  makes  negatives  from  which  Kromo- 
grams  suitable  for  showing  in  the  Stereo. 
Kromskop  can  be  made  by  double  printing, 
but  which  will  not  show  true  stereoscopic  relief. 


i8 

Perfect  results  have  been  obtained  in  landscapes, 
flowers,  natural  history,  medical  subjects,  and  even 
portraits,  by  amateur  photographers  who  have  used 
these  attachments  in  England. 

The  Kromskop  Multiple  Back  is  also  supplied,  if 


desired,  with  a fixed  box  front  and  single  achromatic 
lens  in  focussing  mount,  forming  a complete  and  effi- 
cient though  simple  camera  for  color  photography,  at 
a low  price. 

Positives  made  by  contact  printing  from  Multiple 


19 


Back  negatives  appear  reversed  right  to  left  in  the 
Krdmskop.  This  can  be  avoided  by  sending  the  neg- 
atives to  us  to  have  the  Kromograms  made,  or,  a re- 
versing prism  or  mirror  can  be  adapted  to  the  lens  at  a 
moderate  cost. 


This  camera  is  also  made  stereoscopic,  with  rack  and 
pinion  focussing,  and  inverting  prisms  in  front  of  the 
lenses,  so  that  positives  made  by  contact  printing  are 
ready  for  cutting  into  three  and  mounting  directly 
upon  the  Kromogram  frames. 


20 


THE  KROMSKOP  VIEW  CAMERA 

Is  a triumph  of  optical  science,  containing,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  essential  parts  of  an  ordinary  camera, 
nothing  more  than  two  prisms  and  three  color  screens. 
With  this  simple  device,  Krdmskop  Color  Photography 
is  reduced  to  “one  plate,  one  exposure.”  The  con- 
struction is  shown  in  the  above  diagram,  in  which  a 
single  achromatic  lens,  A,  focussing  by  slip  tube,  in 
front  of  a diaphragm  B,  focusses  an  image  at  C ; but  in 


order  to  divide  the  light  and  form  the  other  images  at 
D and  E,  the  prisms  F and  G are  so  placed  that  their 
inner  front  edges  partly  cover  the  square  diaphragm 
aperture,  which  then  appears  like  three  juxtaposed 
slits,  giving  three  practically  identical  points  of  view. 
The  light  passing  into  the  prisms  is  twice  reflected, 


21 


producing  unreversed  images  at  D and  E,  which  owing 
to  the  greater  distance  from  B to  D and  E than  from 
B to  C,  would  be  of  larger  size  than  the  middle  image, 
and  much  out  of  focus,  but  for  the  fact  that  the  greater 
refractive  index  of  the  glass  as  compared  with  air 
extends  the  focal  point,  so  that  the  images  are  exactly 
equal  except  for  the  differences  of  light  and  shade 
introduced  by  the  selective  screens. 

This  camera  permits  exposures  as  short  as  five  or  ten 
seconds  in  bright  sunlight.  Stereoscopic  records  can 
readily  be  made  by  exposing  two  plates,  with  a lateral 
movement  of  the  camera  between  the  exposures. 

The  view  camera  is  practically  fixed  focus  for  land- 
scape and  architectural  photography,  but  may  be 
focussed  by  slip  tube  for  objects  as  near  as  15  feet.  It 
is  not  adapted  for  photographing  quite  small,  near  ob- 
jects, such  as  bric-a-brac,  flower  and  fruit  pieces,  etc. 

The  Kromskop  photographic  process  is  patented  and 
the  ownership  of  Kromskop  Multiple  Backs  or  Cameras 
carries  with  it  a license  to  make  pictures  for  private 
use  and  exhibition,  but  not  for  sale , unless  by  special 
arrangement. 

ORTHOCHROMATIC  COLOR  SCREENS. 

Both  the  bichromate  cell  and  the  sealed  color  screen 
were  invented  by  Mr.  Frederic  E.  Ives — the  first  in 
1878,  and  the  second  in  1885.  For  15  years  Mr. 
Ives  has  used  in  his  own  work,  and  made  for  his 


22 


friends,  sealed  color  screens  adapted  to  give  precise 
‘ ‘ orthochromatic  ” effects,  and  some  of  the  earliest 
made  of  these  screens  are  still  in  use  and  highly  prized 
by  their  possessors.  In  an  orthochromatic  photography 
competition  in  England,  some  years  ago,  the  prize  was 
awarded  for  negatives  made  with  an  Ives’  color  screen 
(made  by  Mr.  Ives  himself  ),  and  within  one  year  more 
than  five  hundred  such  color  screens,  adapted  to  a 
different  plate,  have  been  sold  by  an  English  dry-plate 
manufacturer  at  a far  higher  price  than  has  ever  been 
asked  for  optically-worked  yellow  glasses. 

Unlike  yellow  glasses,  and  most  of  the  sealed  screens 
now  on  the  market,  these  screens  absorb  the  ultra-violet 
light  perfectly  ; unlike  colored  gelatine  and  celluloid  dia- 
phragm screens,  they  are  at  the  same  time  optically  per- 
fect, permanent  and  not  easily  damaged  ; unlike  the 
bichromate  cell,  they  require  no  attention  except  to  keep 
the  surface  clean.  They  will  also  give  some  orthochro- 
matic effect  even  on  ordinary  plates.  The  colors  used 
are  permanent  and  their  absorption  progressive  from 
the  violet  end  of  the  spectrum. 

Skillful  operators  having  been  instructed  in  the 
making  of  these  screens,  they  can  now  be  supplied 
suited  to  any  plate  and  any  purpose.  They  are  made 
only  in  squares,  best  adapted  for  attachment  to  the 
inside  of  the  camera  lens  board,  but  capable  also  of 
being  fitted  over  the  front  of  the  lens,  by  means  of  a 
special  adapter. 


23 


OPINIONS  OF  SCIENTIFIC  AND  PHOTO- 
GRAPHIC EXPERTS  IN  ENGLAND 

Sir  Wieeiam  Abney,  F.R.S.,  Head  of  the  Science  De- 
partment at  South  Kensington  Museum,  and  author  of  several 
well-known  works  on  photography  and  color  science  : “ It  is 
the  acme  of  perfection.  . . . Mr.  Ives  is  a competent  ex- 

perimenter and  deep  thinker,  and  has  practically  applied 
scientific  theory.”  . . . “Mr.  Ives,  . . . the  pioneer 

in  the  application  of  exact  science  to  Color  Photography.”  . 
“Mr.  Ives,  attains  in  his  Kromskop  an  exquisite  degree  of 
perfection.” 

Prof.  Sievanus  Thompson,  in  “The  Saturday  Review.” 
- — “ A more  satisfactory  solution  of  the  photographic  registration 
and  reproduction  of  color  is  afforded  by  the  chromoscope  of 
Mr.  Ives.  . . . Ives’  success  in  this  optical  combination  has 

been  nothing  short  of  marvellous.” 

Rev.  F.  C.  Lambert  (Journal  of  the  Camera  Club) — Mr. 
Ives  has  brought  before  the  Club  a perfect  realization  of  the 
dream  of  every  human  being — the  reproduction  of  the  lovely 
hues  of  nature.  He  seemed  almost  to  have  accomplished  the 
impossible — to  have  put  his  foot  on  the  end  of  the  rainbow,  and 
to  have  caught  up  the  colors  of  the  goddess  Iris.” 

Lionee  Ceark,  Esq.,  at  the  Society  of  Arts,  said  (Journal 
of  the  Society):  “Most  of  them  were  accustomed  to  seeing 

stereoscopic  slides,  but  interesting  and  curious  as  the  result  was, 
he  thought  the  effect  on  the  mind  always  was  that  you  were 


24 


looking  at  a little  clay  model — whether  it  were  a basket  of  fruit 
or  a statue,  it  was  not  the  real  thing.  The  total  absence  of  all 
color,  the  mere  yellow  or  brownish-purple  of  the  print,  gave  the 
effect  of  a model,  though  it  was  perfect  in  relief  and  detail. 
But  in  this  case  you  saw  the  same  model  endowed  with  the 
colors  of  Nature,  and  it  then  ceased  to  look  like  a model,  and 
you  thought  you  were  looking  at  the  real  thing.  Some  of  Mr. 
Ives’  slides  which  he  had  seen  vrere  the  most  realistic 
things  in  the  world — you  could  not  really  tell  whether  you  were 
looking  at  the  real  thing  or  at  an  image  of  it.” 

Editor  of  the  “ Photographic  News.” — “ It  must  be  ad- 
mitted that  Mr.  Ives  has  given  us  the  means  of  viewing  an  ob- 
ject reproduced  by  photography  as  it  has  never  been  seen 
before — that  is,  solid  as  in  the  stereoscope,  and  at  the  same 
time  instinct  with  life  and  color.” 

Editor  of  the  “ British  Journal  of  Photography.” — “ It  is 
but  the  merest  truth  to  say  that  the  ‘ Kr5msk5p,’  as  an  instru- 
ment, appears  to  be  perfect  in  its  simplicity,  and  that  the  color 
reproductions  it  exhibits  have  a flawlessness  and  fidelity  little 
short  of  marvellous.  . . . Causes  wonder  and  delight,  not 

only  to  the  layman,  but  to  those  who  have  given  color  photo- 
graphy long  attention.  . . . We  had  opportunities  for  observing 
that  the  Prince  [of  Wales]  was  deeply  interested  in  the  pro- 
jection of  color,  his  chief  encomiums  being  reserved  for  the 
Ives  process.” 

Editor  of  the  “ Amateur  Photographer.  ” — It  is  hard  to 
estimate  the  amount  of  praise  that  is  due  to  Mr.  Ives  for  the 
manner  in  which  he  has  followed  up  his  original  ideas,  with  a 
tenacity  w7hich  is  little  short  of  marvellous,  until  he  has  brought 
them  to  this  conclusion,  which  is  as  near  to  absolute  perfection 
in  a process  of  this  kind  as  can  wrell  be  imagined.”  .... 


25 


“ Mr.  Ives’  ‘ Kromskop  ’ gives  the  finest  results.  The  scale  of 
coloring  is  far  truer,  as  comparison  between  the  object  and  its 
reproduction  abundantly  testifies.” 

Editor  of  “Photography.” — “ The  perfect  furore  of  ap- 
plause that  greeted  Mr.  Ives’  colored  pictures  was  well  deserved. 

. He  has  obtained  a far  nearer  approach  to  perfection 
than  has  to  our  knowledge  fallen  to  the  lot  of  any  other  man 
who  has  experimented  in  color  photography.”  . . . “The 

voice  of  the  colors  is  bound  up  in  the  black  and  white  trans- 
parencies, and  the  speech  comes  to  the  picture  in  the  right  value 
and  force,  as  do  sounds  from  the  cylinder  of  the  phonograph 
where  they  are  stored.”  . . . “An  instrument  capable  of 

bringing  before  the  eyes,  in  all  their  original  brilliance  of  color, 
an  Immaculate  Conception  of  Murillo,  a mosaic  from  Pompeii, 
or  a beautiful  scene  in  a London  park.”  . . . “ The  fidelity 

of  color  and  consequent  illusion  is  something  which  has  to  be 
seen  to  be  believed.”  . . . “ The  lecturer  [Captain  Abney, 

at  the  Royal  Institution]  pointed  out  that  it  is  to  Mr.  Ives  that 
we  practically  owe  the  present  effective  results.  His  ingenuity, 
patience,  perseverance  and  scientific  knowledge  had  given  us  a 
triumph  in  the  form  of  the  photochromoscope.” 

From  Report  of  Mr.  Ives’  Lecture  at  the  Camera 
Ceub,  in  Journal  of  the  Camera  Club. — “The  President  [Cap- 
tain Abney]  concluded  by  moving  a very  hearty  vote  of  thanks 
to  Mr.  Ives.  . . . The  vote  of  thanks  was  carried  amid  loud 

and  continued  cheering,  and  one  of  the  largest  audiences  ever 
assembled  in  the  Camera  Club  proceeded  to  inspect  the  photo- 
chromoscopes. . . . Members  were  occupied  until  a late 

hour  in  looking  at  the  beautiful  color  and  stereoscopic  effects.” 

Mr.  Van  der  Weyde,  the  fashionable  London  portrait 
photographer,  in  the  “ Daily  Mail,”  September  21,  1898.— “Mr. 


26 


Ives’  process  is  the  most  perfect  and  most  beautiful  yet  attained. 

, . . The  picture  is  astonishingly  beautiful  and  true  to 

Nature.” 

H.  C.  MariujeR,  Fso.,  in  the  “ Pall  Mall  Gazette,”  of 
the  same  date. — “The  first  and  best  known  process  of  repro- 
ducing colors  is  that  of  Mr.  Ives.  ...  A simpler  but  less 
effective  method  . . . invented  by  Dr.  Joly.  Both  Ives’ and 

Joly’s  plates  are  suitable  for  throwing  on  a screen  with  a lantern, 
the  enlargement  of  the  scored  lines  being,  however,  a marked 
drawback  in  the  latter  case.” 


Photography  in  CotorS.  From  the  London  “Daily 
News.” — “Photography  in  colors  no  longer  means  the  photo- 
graph printed  in  colors,  nor  yet  the  ‘colored  photograph,’  both  of 
which  terms  are  apt  to  be  associated  in  the  artistic  mind  with 
some  rather  painful  as  well  as  endurable  experiments.  As  we 
speak  of  it  to-day,  it  means  the  practical  results  of  a truly 
important  invention  completed  after  many  years  of  persevering 
efforts  by  Mr.  Frederic  Ives,  who  has  just  read,  at  the  galleries 
of  the  Fine  Art  Society  an  explanatory  paper  with  accompanying 
illustrations,  and  is  now  giving  the  public  an  bpportunity  of 
judging  for  themselves  as  to  the  interest  of  his  discoveries. 
The  invention  is  the  Kromskop  for  the  reproduction,  in  the 
absolute  colors  of  nature,  of  all  objects  photographed  with  a 
specially  designed  camera,  and  moreover,  by  a permanent 
process,  so  that  the  traveller  and  student  will  be  able  to  store 
up  not  only  impressions  of  beautiful  or  otherwise  interesting 
things,  but  the  actual  presentment  of  them  with  the  appearance 
of  color  and  texture  added  to  form. 

The  system  will  be  equally  available  for  perpetuating  living 
originals  ; so  that  we  shall  be  able  to  carry  in  a box  a few 
inches  square,  not  only  records  in  facsimile  of  treasures  of  art, 


27 


but  the  figures  of  our  friends,  their  surroundings,  and  anything 
else  that  it  may  be  desirable  to  store  up  for  affectionate 
remembrance.  With  the  Kromskop  at  this  point  of 
accomplishment,  then  bid  farewell  to  the  minor  poet ; his  lady- 
love will  no  longer  live  in  dreams,  for  he  will  preserve  in  a box 
the  very  sheen  of  her  hair,  just  as  in  the  present  exhibition  may 
be  seen  the  gloss  on  the  butterfly’s  wing,  the  bloom  on  the  petal 
of  a flower,  the  very  tone  of  old  ivory  and  inlaid  pearl  from  the 
cabinet  of  the  collector.  The  mere  craving  for  a method  of 
photography  in  natural  colors  is  nearly  as  old  as  tliat  pioneer  of 
the  camera’s  image,  the  Daguerreotype,  which  most -of  us  revere 
for  the  sake  of  the  ancestors  that  have  been  handed  down 
through  it.  . The  camera  makes  the  negative  images 

which  constitute  the  color  record  on  a single  sensitive  plate,  at 
one  exposure  ; and  a contact  positive  from  this,  when  cut  in 
three  and  mounted  on  a folding  cardboard  frame,  is  dropped 
into  the  Kromskop,  which,  as  well  as  the  camera,  is  stereoscopic, 
When  viewed  through  this  instrument  it  is  no  exaggeration  to 
say  that  the  object  looks  quite  real.” 


EXTRACTS  FROM  AMERICAN  TECHNICAL 
JOURNALS* 

Dr.  John  Nicholl,  in  Outing  : 

“I  have  followed  the  Kromskop  from  its  inception,  and 
written  of  it  many  times,  but  never  saw  it  until  a few  weeks 
ago,  and  then  I found  it  the  old,  old  story,  ‘ the  half  not  been 
told.’  No  description  can  convey  anything  like  a true  idea  of 
the  beauty  or  perfection  of  the,  what  seems  to  be,  almost  created 
colors.  Three  photographs,  differing  nothing  apparently  from 
ordinary  lantern  slides,  are  laid  on  the  steps  of  the  instrument, 
so  simply  that  a child  may  do  it,  and  instantly  they  are  clothed 
in  all  the  glowing  colors  of  nature.” 


28 


From  the  cAmerican  Journal  of  Photography  : 

‘ ‘ The  fact  that  most  people  have  looked  for  a process  of  color 
photography  which  would  decorate  our  walls  and  illustrate  our 
books  and  periodicals  has,  no  doubt,  tended  to  disparage  in  the 
public  mind  the  importance  of  methods  of  color  photography 
which  do  not  achieve  this  particular  result.  This  is  so  far  true 
that  knowledge  of  the  fact  that  there  exists  a means  by 
which  colors  are  perfectly  reproduced  to  the  eye  by  purely 
photographic  and  optical  means  spreads  very  slowly.  It 
must  certainly  be  a subject  for  congratulation  that  records 
and  reproductions  of  the  natural  colors  can  now  actually 
be  obtained  by  a simple  and  reliable  method,  which  is  very 
little  if  any  more  difficult  in  practice,  and  involves  no  more 
operations  than  stereoscopic  photography. 

“ By  the  Kromskop  system  of  Mr.  Ives,  landscapes,  works  of 
art,  natural  history  and  medical  subjects,  and  many  other  things, 
are  reproduced  as  a matter  of  every-day  practice,  with  all  their 
visible  qualities  of  form,  color  and  texture,  and  without  the 
defect  of  surface  reflections  or  mechanical  structure  ; and  by  no 
other  means  has  this  been  accomplished,  all  allied  methods 
showing  either  imperfect  color  reproduction  or  mechanical 
breaking  up  into  lines,  or  both.” 

From  the  cAmerican  cAmateur  Photographer : 

“ Kromskop,  not  a very  melodious  title,  means  ‘ seeing  color,’ 
and  surely  never  was  instrument  more  worthy  of  its  name. 
Three  stereoscopic  positives  strung  together  as  a ladder,  differing 
apparently  only  in  size,  (being  a little  smaller)  from  ordinary 
stereoscopic  transparencies,  and  each  apparently  alike,  are 
simply  laid  on  the  steps  of  the  instrument,  when  lo,  the  land- 
scape, or  whatever  the  subject  may  be,  is  seen  in  all  the  glory 
of  the  colors  of  nature,  and  that  in  her  most  brilliant  effects. 
The  change  from  one  subject  to  another  is  but  the  work  of  two 


29 


or  three  seconds,  and  so  perfectly  is  everything  arranged  that 
should  there  be,  for  any  cause,  a want  of  coincidence  or  coales- 
ence  or  proper  blending,  a touch  of  one  of  two  screws  will  at 
once  secure  perfect  alignment. 

“ In  the  instrument  on  our  table,  there  are  at  this  moment 
six  apparently  similar  2 x ij  transparencies  of  a wonderfully 
beautiful  landscape,  including  distant  mountains,  a middle  dis- 
tance of  pastoral  beauty,  and  a foreground  of  foliage  and  water, 
with  two  steamboats  on  its  surface,  altogether  making,  in  their 
uncolored  state,  a charming  photograph,  and  one  that  to  the 
untrained  eye  looks  as  if  the  whole  six  were  exactly  alike.  Lay 
them  on  the  steps  of  the  Kromskop,  however,  and — ^well,  one 
thinks  he  will  never  care  to  look  at  an  uncolored  photograph 
again.  It  is  simply  indescribably  beautiful. 

“ * * * * If  all  could  see  it  as  we  see  it  now,  there 

are  few  families  that  could  afford  its  very  reasonable  price  that 
would  not  at  once  include  it  among  their  household  gods.” 

From  The  Camera: 

” The  Kromskop  system  of  color  photography  undoubtedly 
yields  the  only  photographic  reproductions  in  the  natural  colors 
which  quite  satisfy  the  eye,  the  images  being  true  in  color,  and 
entirely  free  from  ‘lines’  or  other  structure.” 

From  The  Professional  and  Amateur  Photographer  : 

‘ ‘ So  much  has  been  said  in  recent  years  about  processes  of 
color  photography,  and  so  much  of  it  has  related  to  methods 
which  produce  crude  and  imperfect  (when  not  positively  offen- 
sive) results,  that  the  great  majority  of  people,  blinded  and  mis- 
lead by  so  much  chaff,  are  not  yet  aware  of  the  fact  that  the 
perfect  reproduction  of  the  colors  of  nature  in  structureless 
photographic  images  -is  an  accomplished  fact.  It  is  true  that 
such  a result  has  not  been  achieved  in  the  form  of  prints  upon 
paper  ; but  with  a camera  as  simple  in  operation  as  any  other, 


30 


and  a viewing  device  which  is  used  like  a stereoscope,  nature  and 
art  are  reproduced  to  the  eye  as  if  seen  in  a mirror.  So  much 
has  been  accomplished  by  the  ‘ Kromskop  ’ system  of  Mr. 
Frederic  Ives.” 

From  cAnthony's  Photographic  bulletin: 

“ The  ‘Kromskop’  system  of  Mr.  Frederic  Ives  is  now  coming 
to  the  front,  and  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  method 
by  which  photographic  color  reproductions  have  been  obtained 
which  are  so  perfect  as  to  deceive  the  eye  of  the  uninitiated,, 
many  of  whom  have  suspected  a trick  when  shown  the  repro- 
ductions of  objects  in  the  stereoscopic  Kromskop.” 

From  The  Photo-Era, : 

‘‘The  honor  of  applying  color  photography  successfully  for 
the  first  time  to  the  illustration  of  a scientific  expedition  belongs 
to  Prof.  H.  J.  Mackinder,  of  the  University  of  Oxford.  In  a re- 
cent report  to  the  Royal  Geographical  Society  of  London,  he 
showed  a number  of  pictures  of  Mount  Kenia,  in  Africa,  which 
rises  17,000  feet  above  the  sea  level,  directly  under  the  equator. 
The  pictures  were  taken  by  the  Ives’  process,  and  show  vivid 
effects  of  colors  in  tropical  skies,  vegetation  and  waters.  The 
ordinary  photograph  gives  no  idea  of  the  color  of  the  ground, 
which  is  uniformly  reddish ; but  Prof.  Mackinder’s  picture 
showed  the  red  tint  of  the  earth  as  well  as  the  black  bodies  of 
the  dwarf  bushes,  their  brown  tops,  and  the  light  blue  sky  and 
white  clouds  above  them.  All  who  have  seen  them  were  deeply 
impressed  with  the  process  that  could  produce  such  remarkable 
results.” 

From  Wilson  s Photographic  Magazine . 

“ The  Kromskop  system  alone  has  produced  a structureless 
image  in  colors  so  perfect  as  to  be  comparable  with  a mirrored 
reflection  of  the  object  itself,  and  although  restricted  in  its  ap- 


plication  by  the  necessity  for  employing  a device  like  the 
sterescope  to  see  the  pictures,  its  success  and  importance  within 
the  limits  of  its  application  will  be  a revelation  to  the  world. 
The  results  are,  in  fact,  better  than  they  could  be  on  glass  or 
paper,  because  the  color  records  are  permanent  and  unchange- 
able, and  the  reproductions  are  seen  without  surface  reflections 
or  distracting  surroundings. 

“ Mr.  Frederick  Ives  has  now  been  working  uninterruptedly 
upon  the  system  for  many  years,  and  by  a process  of  evolution 
from  complex  to  simple  means  and  devices,  marked  by  the  issue 
of  many  patents,  has  at  last  made  it  possible  to  reproduce  nature 
to  the  eye  by  means  of  a simple  camera  and  a simple  viewing 
instrument.” 


From  The  Photo-cMiniature : 

“ Despite  the  attractiveness  of  flowTer  and  tree  photographs  in 
monochrome,  it  goes  without  saying  that  the  capabilities  of  pho- 
tography in  this  directiou  would  be  enormously  enhanced  if  the 
colors,  as  well  as  the  form,  texture  and  gradation  of  light  and 
shade,  could  be  reproduced  as  the  eye  sees  them.  The  mere 
tinting  of  monochrome  photographs  will  never  satisfy  the  eye, 
even  for  decorative  purposes,  because  the  peculiar  delicacy, 
richness  and  translucency  of  flower  coloring  are  utterly  lost  in 

the  underlying  monochrome The  Kromskop 

system  does  not  produce  color  prints,  it  being  necessary  to  blend 
the  color  elements  by  optical  means  ; but  with  this  limitation, 
it  yields  results  which  seem  almost  mirrored  reflections  of  the 
objects  themselves,  and  undoubtedly  represent  the  highest 
achievement  in  photographic  reproduction.” 

From  The  Photographic  Times,  N«.  Y. 

“The  pursuit  of  color  photography  in  the  popular  sense, 
has  proved  ever  to  be  the  pursuit  of  an  ignis  fatuus.  There 


32 


appears  to  be  even  less  hope  to-day  than  there  was  half  a century 
ago  that  any  chemical  compound  may  ever  be  found  which  shall 
be  converted  by  the  action  of  colored  light  into  correspondingly 
colored  pigments,  and  all  real  progress  has  been  made  along 
other  lines.  * * * The  only  practical  realization  of  the  reproduc- 
tion of  colors  of  nature  by  photographic  means  is  a composite  pro- 
cess based  upon  the  trichromatic  theory  of  color  vision.  * * * 

Mr.  Ives  * * * has  realized  by  far  the  most  perfect  results 

that  have  ever  been  attained,  so  perfect  in  fact,  that  the  repro- 
ductions presented  in  his  “ Kromskop  ” appear  like  mirrored 
reflections  of  the  objects  themselves.  * * * The  results  are 

unique,  in  that  they  are  both  true  as  to  color,  and  without 
“lines”  or  other  mechanical  structure.  * * * It  is  an 

achievment  the  practical  importance  of  which  can  hardly  be 
estimated.  Already  the  Kromskop  system  is  coming  into  prac- 
tical use  in  the  fields  of  art,  medicine,  and  commerce,  and 
amateur  photographers  are  taking  it  up  with  enthusiasm.” 

From  The  Florists ' Exchange,  N*  Y* 

“ The  Ives  Kromskop  Company  show  color  photography  to 
perfection.  This  exhibit  should  be  inspected  by  every  visitor 
to  the  Convention,  and  its  value  noted  as  a practical  demonstra- 
tion of  the  color  value  of  plants.” 

From  Popular  Science ♦ 

“This  process,  in  addition  to  its  value  of  photography  pure 
and  simple,  will  be  of  great  practical  utility  in  the  reproduction 
in  exact  versimile  of  great  masterpieces  of  art,  decorative  work 
of  all  sorts,  including  tapestry,  stained  glass  windows,  and  rare 
and  valuable  objects  of  scientific  interest.” 

From  The  House  Furnisher,  New  York* 

“ Moses,  Swann  & McLewee  use  a Kromskop  in  selling  their 
new  line  of  lamps.  This  new  ‘ machine,’  aided  by  slides,  shows 


33 


the  lamps  in  their  original  colors.  The  device  knocks  out  the 
color  printer  and  is  a great  expense  saver.” 

Color  Photography  in  Medicine. — From  “ The  Philadel- 
phia Medical  Journal .” — On  Wednesday  evening  Mr.  Frederic 
E.  Ives  demonstrated  his  Kromskop  to  the  members  of  the 
College  of  Physicians,  of  Philadelphia.  We  give  in  another 
column  a brief  description  of  his  invention  as  outlined  in  his 
lecture,  and  desire  now  to  add  our  cordial  appreciation  of  its 
value  in  medicine  and  surgery.  From  the  description  and  cuts 
given  it  will  be  seen  that  the  method  of  taking  the  photographs 
insures  absolute  perfection  of  relief  or  stereoscopic  effect,  when 
the  three  photographs  are  fused  to  unity,  and  that  in  making 
the  fusion  the  Kromskop  also  adds  every  tint  and  color  of  the 
original.  Mr.  Ives  showed  a number  of  pictures  of  diseased 
persons  and  tissues  (ulcers,  a jaundiced  individual,  etc.),  which 
were  of  most  astonishing  lifelikeness  and  accuracy.  In  the 
preservation  of  the  records  of  disease  the  invention  will  un- 
doubtedly prove  of  inestimable  use  to  surgeons  and  specialists, 
and  one  forsees  many  ways  in  which  lecturers  and  teachers  will 
find  the  invention  of  manifold  and  excellent  service. 

A demonstration  oe  Color  Photography  at  the  College 
of  Physicians,  of  Philadelphia,  by  Mr.  Frederic  E.  Ives,  took 
place  on  Wednesday  evening,  November  1st.  In  introducing 
the  inventor  the  Vice-President,  Dr.  W.  W.  Keen,  called  atten- 
tion to  the  value  of  this  method  of  photography  as  applied  to 
several  departments  of  medicine,  especially  in  pathology,  sur- 
gery, internal  medicine  and  dermatology.  The  difficulty  of  re- 
producing by  drawings  the  exact  pathologic  appearances,  for 
example,  of  pneumonia,  apoplexy  of  the  brain,  infarct  in  the 
kidney,  cancer  of  the  liver,  etc.,  is  very  great,  but  a good  pho- 
tograph by  this  method  would  give  a far  better  and  more  accur- 
ate idea  of  the  appearance  to  the  student.  The  tints  are  exactly 


34 


reproduced,  so  that  whether  it  is  employed  in  teaching  or  in 
demonstration  of  specimens  in  connection  with  a paper  before 
a society,  it  would  be  invaluable.  The  same  would  apply  to 
surgery,  as,  for  example,  the  appearance  of  an  ulcer,  of  an  ul- 
cerated carcinoma  of  the  breast,  of  a cystitis,  or  the  varying 
appearances  on  section  of  carcinoma  and  sarcoma. 

In  medicine,  he  was  a little  uncertain  whether  the  instrument 
was  delicate  enough  to  show  the  taches  rouges  of  typhoid, 
though  it  would  probably  show  the  petechial  spots  of  purpura 
and  possibly  of  typhus.  Jaundice  could  be  well  shown,  the 
appearance  of  the  vaccine  vesicle,  the  differentiation  between 
smallpox  and  chickenpox  would  be  facilitated  very  much  by 
such  photographs.  In  dermatology  it  goes  without  saying  that 
all  the  affections  of  the  skin  in  which  color  enters  could  be  well 
reproduced.  It  would  be  well  if  our  hospitals  especially  would 
furnish  themselves  with  outfits  for  the  purpose  of  taking  such 
photographs. 


35 


SAMPLE  EXTRACTS  FROM  LETTERS  FROM 
PURCHASERS  OF  KROMSKOPS 

(These  and  other  letters  from  purchasers  may  be  seen  at  our 

office) 

“The  Kromskop  came  this  morning  in  perfect  condition.  I 
had  no  difficulty  with  it,  and  got  the  first  Kromograin  into  per- 
fect register  and  illumination  in  thirty  seconds. 

I am  perfectly  delighted  with  it.” 

“The  Kromskop  and  Multiple  Back  are  entirely  satisfactory 
in  every  particular.  I had  little  or  no  trouble  with  the  use  of 
either.  * * * What  a wonderful  instrument  it  is, 

and  how  much  it  will  add  to  the  sum  of  human  happiness  !” 

“ The  Kromskop  outfit  arrived  O.  K.  * * * I did 

not  find  a moment  until  yesterday,  ‘ Christmas,  ’ and  I assure 
you  the  Kromskop  is  the  best  Christmas  present  I could  wish 
for.” 

“ The  Kromskop  arrived  in  good  shape,  and  will  be  of  great 
assistance  in  entertaining  our  friends.  Your  invention  is  the  most 
beautiful  of  scientific  marvels,  and  I must  send  you  my  heartiest 
congratulations.  ’ ’ 

“ I had  no  trouble  whatever  in  adjusting  and  getting  wonder- 
ful results  with  the  Junior  Kromskop.” 

“ The  most  wonderful  thing  I ever  looked  at.” 

“ I think  the  Kromskop  the  most  beautiful  and  the  most  per- 
fect method  of  representing  the  colors  of  nature.” 


36 

From  the  purchaser  of  the  first  new  “ Kromskop  View 
Camera”  : 

“ The  view  camera  came  safely,  was  carefully  cleaned,  and 
Saturday  afternoon  I started  out  to  test  its  merits  and  to  discover 
its  defects.  Before  starting  I used  t\Yo  plates,  ‘getting  its  range’ 
in  regard  to  timing.  There  wTas  quite  a fresh  breeze,  and  I cer- 
tainly realized  one  advantage  over  the  Multiple  Back  at  the 
start.  Between  four  and  six  o’clock  I secured  two  perfect  nega- 
tives. I call  them  perfect  because  the  positives  from  both  give 
pictures  that  are  true  in  color  and  tone.  The  last  one,  taken  at 
six  o’clock,  was  a surprise.  I hardly  expected  to  succeed  with  it. 
The  light  was  soft  and  the  shadows  long,  just  the  lighting  I love 
in  a picture,  but  so  hard  to  secure  in  a regular  photograph.  In 
this  Kromogram  the  illumination  is  perfectly  rendered  as  seen 
by  the  eye,  not  a shadow  is  slighted,  not  a particle  of  black 
it  is  truth  itself.  The  colors  are  not  lost  in  the  shadows,  as  I 
have  been  led  to  expect,  but  are  as  true  as  those  in  the  sun.” 

“ What  I have  seen  of  the  Kromskop  has  convinced  me  of  its 
extraordinary  possibilities.  ’ ’ 

“No  trouble  at  all  in  getting  the  Kromskop  into  adjustment,, 
and  the  results  are  a delight.  ’ ’ 

“Your  Kromogram  No.  144,  Canal  Scene,  near  Bristol,  Pa.,, 
is  very  real,  and  the  lighting  is  soft,  full  of  actual  sunshine,  with 
no  trace  of  glare  from  the  water  ; it  can  be  looked  at  with  the 
eyes  wide  open.  That  picture  calls  forth  exclamations  of 
delight  every  time  it  is  shown,  and  from  artists,  too.” 

“ Now,  having  got  used  to  the  beauty  of  the  instrument,  I do 
not  like  to  be  without  it  a moment, — for  my  friends  and  myself.” 

“ The  Kromskop  was  duly  received  and  I had  no  difficulty  in. 
learning  to  use  it ; it  is  the  marvel  of  everyone  who  sees  it.” 


37 


“ The  difficulties  attending  the  use  of  the  Science  Lantern 
Kromskop  prove  to  be  trivial.  Squarely  faced,  they  have  in 
my  experience,  vanished.  The  results  obtained  yesterday  in  my 
lecture  were  satisfactory  to  me,  and  were  pronounced  by  others 
to  be  ‘ exquisite .’  Make  the  bill  out  to  the  College  but  send  it 
to  me.” 

“ I have  been  your  faithful  admirer  for  years,  and  now  I am 
enjoying  your  Kromskop  more  and  more.” 

“lam  perfectly  satisfied  with  the  Jr.  Kromskop  and  await 
the  return  of  Spring  with  some  impatience,  as  I shall  fit  myself 
out  with  one  of  your  cameras,  and  put  all  of  the  many  gems  of 
scenery  in  this  locality  on  records  in  color , instead  of  monotonous 
black  and  white. 

“ I am  going  at  your  color  photography  with  heart  and  soul. 
I don’t  think  there  is  a man  living  that  is  more  enthusiastic 
than  I am  about  your  invention.” 

‘ ‘ On  opening  the  instrument,  the  right  D mirror  was  found  to 
have  jumped  out  of  place,  but  was  replaced  with  a touch, 
everything  is  so  beautifully  simple .” 

‘‘  After  seeing  that  picture  to-day,  which  you  took  of  my 
garden,  I am  so  delighted  with  the  result  that  I want  to  have 
one  of  your  Kromskops  just  as  soon  as  you  can  possibly  give 
me  one  ; for  to  preserve  that  picture  as  you  have  taken  it  would 
make  me  want  one  of  the  instruments  at  any  price  nt  all . ” 

“ I am  now  making  very  good  Kromograms.  If  people  would 
consider  the  labor  and  the  patience  that  must  have  been  required 
in  perfecting  the  Kromskop,  the  care  and  skill  demanded  in  its 
making,  I think  they  would  realize  that  a wonderful  optical 


3» 


instrument,  such  as  it  certainly  is,  could  not  in  reason,  be  sold 
at  the  price  of  a toy.  I am  more  than  satisfied  indeed,  with  the 
knowledge  gained  by  possession  and  use,  of  its  capability  of 
giving  pure  and  unalloyed  pleasure,  of  which  we  do  not  tire, 
and  friends  ask  for  again  and  again.  I should  hesitate  to  say 
what  would  be  sufficient  inducement  to  relinquish  its  altogether 
delightful  companionship.  Nothing  purchasable  is  better 
worth  its  price  than  the  Kromskop . Few  would  deny  this,  I 
think,  if  the  Kromogram  they  saw  were  the  portrait  of  a friend.’ ’ 


“A  friend  who  was  quite  indifferent  at  first  and  said  he  had  seen 
photographs  in  natural  colors  before,  and  did  not  think  much  of 
them,  finally  consented  to  let  me  show  him  the  Kromskop,  and 
he  became  more  entlucsiastic  than  I was.  Get  me  a man  to  help 
me  with  my  regular  work  and  I’ll  keep  you  busy  selling 
Kromskops.” 

“ I have  been  interesting  scientific  people  in  your  Camera  and 
I predict  a great  future  for  you.” 


“I  was  very  much  surprised  and  delighted  with  the  Krom- 
skop, as  wTere  all  who  have  seen  it.” 


One  person  remarked  that  “the  reason  it  did  not  seem  so 
wonderful,  was  because  everything  seemed  so  perfectly  natural 
that  he  imagined  he  was  looking  at  the  things  themselves .” 


“ I have  reached  my  last  dozen  plates  ; that  may  mean  with 
your  ‘ View  ’ Camera,  twelve  good  negatives,  for  I have  not  lost 
a plate  since  I began  to  use  it .” 


39 

“ As  of  course  we  greatly  prefer  to  show  the  best  results  of 
your  marvelous  process,  will  you  kindly  exchange  the  Jr. 
Kromskop,  we  bought  for  our  College,  for  the  Stereo,  form,  we 
paying  the  difference  in  price.” 

“In  your  Kromogram  of  ‘ Rhododendrons,’ — they  are  so  ex- 
quisitely beautiful  that  I cannot  get  them  out  of  my  mind. 
Truly,  the  Kromskop  must  be  seen  to  be  believed.” 

“ If  you  have  a large  collection  of  dermatological  and  patho- 
logical specimens,  there  will  be  no  Medical  College  or  City 
Board  of  Health,  no  matter  how  small,  that  can  afford  to  be 
without  a Kromskop  and  a large  collection  of  specimens,  because 
a good  collection  of  skin  disease  atlases  will  cost  $ 200  or  more, 
and  a good  collection  of  Parisian  wax  works  will  cost  $2,500  or 
more,  and  neither  are  as  good  as  good  Kromograms . ” 


LETTER  FROM  SIR  WILLIAM  HERSCHEL 
TO  MR,  IVES 

Lawn-Upton,  LiTTi/emork,  May  10,  1898. 

My  Dear  Sir  : 

I have  long  been  at  the  point  of  sending  you  the  enclosed 
prints  from  the  first  “ negative  ” on  glass,  but  always  wished  to 
bring  it  to  town  personally.  I have  failed  again  this  week,  and 
must  be  content  to  trust  the  post.  I cannot,  in  this  way,  however, 
express  to  you  the  gratitude  which  I myself,  and  all  to  whom  I 
have  had  the  privilege  of  showing  your  exquisite  results,  have  felt 
every  time  we  use  the  instrument  and  its  marvellous  pictures. 

The  faint  black  image  of  the  40-foot  telescope,  at  one  end  of 
a series,  and  your  stereoscopic  color  pictures  at  the  other  end, 
are  things  which  it  is  worth  while  to  have  lived  to  see  in  one 
lifetime.  Sir  John  would  have  given  all  he  had  of  eyesight,  I 
do  believe,  to  have  seen  the  latest  triumphs  of  photography. 

Yours  very  faithfully, 

W.  J.  HERSCHEL. 


F.  E.  Ives,  Esq. 


40 


LETTER  FROM  PROFESSOR  WALTER  KONIG 
TO  MR,  IVES 


Physical  Society,  Frankfurt  a.  Main, 

May  19,  1898. 

Much  Respected  Sir  : 

You  have  had  the  great  kindness  to  send  me  through 
Herr  Strauss,  your  Projection  Chromoscope,  to  exhibit  before 
the  Physical  Society.  I have  made  frequent  use  of  the  apparatus. 
I have  demonstrated  to  many  people,  and  every  time  the  most 
lively  interest  has  been  excited.  I inform  you  of  this  in  congratu- 
lating you  on  your  beautiful  and  highly  instructive  invention, 
and  add  thereto  my  grateful  thanks  that  you  should  have  given 
me  the  opportunity  of  being  the  first  to  make  these  splendid 
demonstrations  in  Germany. 

At  the  beginning  of  October  will  take  place  in  the  Physical 
Society  at  Frankfurt,  a meeting  of  teachers  of  High  Schools 
from  all  parts  of  Germany.  On  this  occasion  I should  like  to 
exhibit  the  apparatus.  I am  venturing  to  inquire  whether  I 
may  keep  it  so  long,  or  could  the  Society  purchase  the  apparatus  ? 

I also  take  the  liberty  to  ask  whether  you  do  not  feel  inclined 
to  exhibit  the  apparatus  at  Dusseldorf  in  September,  at  the 
meeting  of  German  scientists,  or  to  allow  it  to  be  exhibited. 
This  would  be  an  excellent  opportunity  to  make  the  invention 
known  in  Germany.  Perhaps  you  will  be  disposed  to  act  on 
this  suggestion. 

With  high  esteem, 

PROFESSOR  WALTER  KONIG. 


4i 


The  following  letter  speaks  for  itself  : 

Department  of  the  Interior, 

United  States  Patent  Office, 

Washington,  D.  C.,May  io,  1900. 

Frederic  E.  Ives,  Esq., 

1324  Chestnut  St.,  Phila.,  Pa. 

Sir : — The  Patent  Office  is  preparing  an  exhibit  for  the  Pan- 
American  Exposition  to  be  opened  at  Buffalo,  about  April  1st, 
1901,  and  since  it  is  desirable  to  convey  to  the  public  the  import- 
ance of  our  patent  system,  the  latest  advances  in  the  arts  and 
sciences  should  be  illustrated. 

The  importance  of  Color  Photography  is  recognized,  and  I 
write  to  enquire  if  you  will  furnish  an  exhibit  illustrating  the 
principles  involved  in  your  system. 

Should  you  be  willing  to  oblige  the  office  in  this  respect,  such 
exhibit  will  be  accepted  with  the  understanding  of  course,  that 
it  will  be  preserved  intact,  and  will  be  returned  to  you  if  desired, 
in  good  condition,  after  the  exposition  shall  have  closed. 

Very  respectfully, 

C.  H.  DUELL,  Commissioner. 

Our  system  was  the  only  one  on  Color  Photography  shown  in 
the  Government  Building — U.  S.  Patent  Office  Department, — 
at  this  Exposition. 


IVES  KROMSKOP  COMPANY, 

J324  CHESTNUT  STREET, 
PHILADELPHIA. 


42 


KROMSKOP  PRICE  LIST 

The  Stereoscopic  Kromskop,  in  polished  mahogany  with 
lacquered  brass  fittings,  adjustable  light  diffuser,  and 

eight  Kromograms $50  00 

Stereoscopic  Kromograms,  List  A,  each 1 00 

“ “ “ “ per  dozen 10  00 

“ “ B,  each 1 50 

“ “ “ “ per  dozen 15  00 

The  Junior  Kromskop,  monocular,  in  polished  mahogany, 

with  adjustable  light  diffuser  and  four  Kromograms  25  00 

Junior  Kromograms,  List  A,  each 75 

“ “ “ “ per  dozen 7 50 

“ “ “ B,  each 1 00 

“ “ “ “ per  dozen.  10  00 

Stereo.  Kromskop  Night  Illuminator,  in  polished  mahog- 
any, with  two  incandescent  gas  burners  and  nickel 

reflector,  including  two  special  white  mantles 12  00 

The  same,  with  acetylene  gas  burner  instead  of  Welsbach 

burner it  00 

Junior  Kromskop  Night  Illuminator,  polished  mahogany, 
with  one  incandescent  gas  burner  and  nickel  reflector, 

including  one  special  white  mantle 10  00 

The  same,  with  acetylene  gas  burner  instead  of  Welsbach 

burner 9 50 

Kromskop  Carrying  Case 2 50 

Junior  Kromskop  Carrying  Case 2 25 

The  Lantern  Kromskop,  with  six  slides 65  00 

The  Science  Lantern  Kromskop,  permitting  of  separating 
the  colored  images  upon  the  screen,  thereby  showing 
the  physiological  analysis  of  color  (now  in  use  in  the 
physical  lecture  rooms  of  leading  colleges) , with  six 
slides 80  00 


43 


Special  stand,  hood  and  hand-feed  electrical  lamp  or  lime- 
light jet,  to  make  the  Lantern  Kromskop  complete 

in  itself  and  independent  of  ordinary  lantern, $20  00 

Extra  Slides  for  the  Lantern  Kromskop,  each 1 00 

“ “ “ “ “ “ brass  bound, 1 50 

Carrying  Case  for  the  Lantern  Kromskop  2 50 

Kromskop  “Multiple  Back,’’  to  attach  to  ordinary  camera, 
for  Kromskop  color  photography,  with  one  2 y2  x 8 in. 

(double)  plate  holder 25  00 

Kromskop  “Multiple  Back,’’  with  box  camera  attach- 
ment and  single  achromatic  lens  in  focussing  tube, 
with  one  (double)  plate  holder,  complete  for  making- 

triple  negatives 28  00 

The  same,  with  the  addition  of  reversing  mirror 30  00* 

Kromskop  “ Multiple  Back,’’  in  combination  with  a 4x  5 
Cycle  Folding  Camera  of  our  own  selection,  with  R.  R. 
lens,  time  and  instantaneous  shutter,  plate  holder,  and 

case  for  camera,  complete 35  00 

Extra  2 yi  x 8 in.  double  plate  holders,  each 1 50 

Stereoscopic  Multiple  Back  Camera,  complete,  with  invert- 
ing prisms,  and  one  double  plate  holder 65  00 

Extra  5x8  Plate  Holders  (double),  each 1 50 

Kromskop  View  Camera  ( one  plate , one  exposure ) 75  oa 

Reversing  Mirror 2 50 

Extra  Plate  Holders  (double),  each 1 50 

[The  Kromskop  Multiple  Backs  and  cameras  are  at  present 
adapted  only  for  use  with  Cadett  Spectrum  (London) 
plates,  and  must  be  used  with  the  plates  for  which 
they  have  been  adjusted.  These  plates  will  be  sup- 
plied in  the  special  sizes  at  maker’s  prices,  plus  cost 
of  importation.] 

Printing  Frames,  2^  x8,  each 80- 

Deep  Hard  Fmbber  Developing  trays  for  2l/2  x 8 plates,  each  75 


44 


Dark  Room  “ Safe  ’’  Right,  6)4  x 8)4 $ 

“ “ “ “ 8xio . 

Yellow  orthochromatic  sealed  screens,  light,  medium  or 
deep,  (state  requirements  and  plate  used),  2 x 2 in., 

each 

Set  of  three — light,  medium  and  deep 

Size  2)4  x 2)4  in.,  each 

Set  of  three — light,  medium  and  deep 

Size  3 x 3 in.,  each 

Set  of  three — light,  medium  and  deep 


2 oo 
2 50 


2 00 

5 00 

2 50 

6 00 

3 00 

7 50 


Kromskop  Cabinkts  and  other  Speciaeties  in  Pre- 
paration. Kromogram  Lists  Pubeished  Separately. 

Speciae  Price  List  of  Cadett  Spectrum  Peates, 
Transparency  Peates,  Kromogram  Mounts,  and  other 
Materials  for  Making  Negatives  and  Kromograms  Sent 
on  Application. 


45 


ON  THE  COST  OF  KROMSKOPS  AND  KROMSKOP 
CAMERAS. 

The  first  perfectly  successful  reproduction  of  colors  on  the  tri- 
chromatic principle  was  accomplished  by  Mr.  Ives  after  ten 
years  of  experiment,  under  conditions  not  commercially  prac- 
ticable. It  required  another  ten  years  of  experiment  and 
invention,  marked  by  the  issue  of  many  patents,  to  so  simplify 
the  method  and  devices  as  to  make  its  operation  practicable  and 
perfect  under  the  conditions  of  ordinary  photographic  practice. 
The  evolution  has  been  one  from  complexity  to  simplicity,  both  in 
operations  and  devices,  and  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  in  the 
present  Kromskop  and  Kromskop  Cameras,  the  problem  has 
been  reduced  absolutely  to  its  simplest  terms.  Nothing  simpler 
could  possibly  be  made  to  answer  without  sacrificing  some  im- 
portant feature  of  size,  or  quality,  or  practibility.  Simple  as 
these  devices  are,  however,  they  have  to  be  made  with  such  spec- 
ial and  perfect  materials  and  adjusted  with  such  skill  and  pre- 
cision, that  they  are  necessarily  far  more  expensive  than  ordinary 
sterescopes  and  cameras,  just  as  a Zeiss  Planar  lens,  although 
containing  no  more  glass  and  brass  than  a common  magic  lan- 
tern objective,  is  many  times  more  costly.  After  considerable 
experience,  leading  to  the  adoption  of  more  elaborate  and  precise 
mechanical  and  optical  adjustments,  the  cost  of  manufacture  has 
increased  rather  than  diminished,  and  on  the  basis  of  the  high 
standards  finally  adopted,  the  prices  are  as  liberal  as  possible,  and 
yield  no  greater  profit  to  the  manufacturers  than  are  necessary  in 
the  interests  of  the  purchasers  themselves. 

In  some  foreign  countries  where  the  system  is  not  protected  by 
patents,  several  attempts  have  been  made  to  cheapen  the  instru- 
ments,but  such  experiments  have  invariably  resulted  disastrously 
and  the  only  successful  instruments  in  use  to-day  have  been  made 
according  to  the  inventor’s  specifications,  on  the  basis  which 
has  established  the  prices  for  the  Ives  Kromskop  Company. 


46 


IVES'  U.  S.  PATENTS  RELATING  TO  COLOR 
PHOTOGRAPHY. 


July  22,  1890, 

May  17,  1892, 

December  18,  1894, 

September  24,  1895, 

April  4,  1899, 

September  5,  1899, 

October  17,  1899, 

May  1,  1900, 

August  14,  1900, 

October  23,  1900, 

January  22,  1901, 

January  22,  1901, 

February  26,  1901, 

Other  Patents  Applied  for. 


No.  432,530 
“ 475,084 

“ 531,040 
“ 546,889 

“ 622,480 
“ 632,573 

“ 635,253 

“ 648,748 

“ 655,712 

“ 660,442 
“ 666,423 
“ 666,424 
“ 668,989 


Note. — In  view  of  the  announcements  of  alleged  new  or  im- 
proved or  simplified  photochromoscopic  apparatus  which  now 
frequently  appear  in  foreign  periodicals  and  are  reproduced  in 
this  country,  it  should  be  stated  that  the  first  practically  suc- 
cessful instruments  of  this  character  were  made  and  patented  by 
Mr.  Ives,  who  has  also  made  and  patented  the  simplest  and  the 
most  efficient  devices  for  this  purpose,  and  that  the  Ives’  patents 
cover  essential  details  of  every  fully  operative  device  that  has 
been  announced  in  any  country.  We  caution  against  in- 
fringements. 


47 


MEDALS  HAVE  BEEN  AWARDED  BY  THE 
FOLLOWING  SCIENTIFIC  SOCIETIES: 

The  Franklin  Institute,  Phila. — The  Elliott  Cresson  Gold  Medal. 
The  Photographic  Society  of  Philadelphia. — A Special  Gold 
Medal. 

The  Society  of  Arts,  London. — The  Society’s  Silver  Medal. 

The  Scottish  Society  of  Arts,  Edinburgh. — The  Keith  Prize  and 
Medal. 

The  Photographic  Society  of  Vienna. — The  Gold  Medal. 


Owing  to  the  newness  of  everything  relating  to 
successful  color  photography,  we  are  frequently  asked 
to  send  our  apparatus  44  on  approval/'  As  we  have 
known  of  instances  where  this  privilege  has  been  abused, 
— orders  being  given  to  secure  the  Kromskop  merely  to 
gratify  curiosity  and  entertain  friends,  and  then  return 
— we  have  made  it  a rule  to  ship  the  Kromskop,  and 
everything  relating  to  the  system,  to  bona-fide  pur- 
chasers only  ; but  we  guarantee  all  apparatus  and  sup- 
plies  to  be  as  represented* 


FIFTH  EDITION. 


PRESS  OF  THE  FEEDS  & BIDDLE  CO. 

1019-21  market  street 

PHILADELPHIA 

I9OI 


With  Special  Base  and  Electric  Lamp.  Price,  complete,  $J  00.00. 


